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PilotSchool Knowledge Base

Psychoactive Substances- Definitions and Effects

Learning Outcomes

  • Define illicit or non-illicit psychoactive substances.
  • State the adverse effects of illicit or non-illicit psychoactive substances.

Definition of Psychoactive Substances

Psychoactive substances, also known as psychotropic substances, are agents that influence brain function and can alter mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

Key Characteristics

  • Mood Alteration: May enhance or disrupt emotional states.
  • Cognitive Impacts: Affect thinking processes and perception.
  • Behavioral Changes: Influence actions and decision-making.

Categories of Psychoactive Substances

These are substances legal for consumption, although regulations such as age restrictions may apply:

  • Alcohol
  • Caffeine
  • Nicotine
  • Certain pain medications (e.g., medications prescribed for medical use)

Illicit (Illegal) Substances

These substances are illegal due to their high potential for abuse and harm:

  • Heroin
  • LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide)
  • Cocaine
  • Amphetamines
  • Marijuana (Note: legality varies by jurisdiction)

References

Adverse Effects of Psychoactive Substances

Effects of Illicit Drugs

  • Opiates: High risk of dependency, craving, and significant long-term physical harm. Opiates contribute to significant societal issues and high mortality rates.

  • Cocaine: Leads to potential dependence, bingeing, and long-term health risks.

  • Ecstasy (MDMA): Generally lower physical dependence but potential societal risks; research suggests benefits in PTSD treatment.

  • Amphetamines: Moderate risk for both physical health and societal impacts.

  • Ketamine: Craving, bingeing, and long-term effects are significant concerns.

Effects of Non-Illicit Drugs

  • Alcohol: Major social risk factor, associated with bingeing and contributing to approximately 2.5 million deaths globally each year.

  • Tobacco: Continues to be a leading cause of dependency, with a mortality rate double that of alcohol.

  • Prescription Analgesics: Present a high risk of dependency and long-term harm when misused.

References

Broader Insights

  • Global Impact: In 2021, around 296 million people used psychoactive substances, with substantial social and health costs.
  • Public Health Implications: Emphasis on prevention and treatment, balancing public health and human rights.

References

Conclusion

Understanding the definitions and adverse effects of both illicit and non-illicit psychoactive substances is critical for pilots. This knowledge ensures compliance with health and safety standards, ultimately supporting safe and efficient operation in the aviation environment.