Aircraft Systems and Malfunction Management
In this section, we will examine the typical services provided by key systems within light aircraft and discuss the actions that pilots can take to detect or rectify malfunctions.
Hydraulic System
Typical Services Provided
Hydraulic systems in light aircraft serve several important functions, including:
- Wheel Brakes: Ensure safe stopping during taxi and landing.
- Landing Gear: Allow for normal extension and retraction.
- Flight Control Systems: Aid in the movement of control surfaces.
- Brake Master Cylinder and Check Valves: Essential components of the hydraulic system.
Common Malfunctions
- Hydraulic Leaks: Result in loss of system pressure.
- Pump Failures: Leads to loss of pressure, affecting hydraulic components.
- Actuator Failures: Impede the movement of control surfaces and landing gear.
- Hydraulic Fluid Contamination: Compromises efficiency, causing leaks and wear.
- Rupture of Hydraulic Lines: Causes system failure due to fluid loss.
Pilot Rectification Actions
Immediate Actions
- Maintain control of the aircraft and perform emergency memory actions for hydraulic failures.
- Use appropriate checklists for troubleshooting.
Secondary Actions
- Inform Air Traffic Services (ATS) of any emergency situations.
- Review system status and calculate necessary adjustments for landing.
Maintenance Practices
- Regular checks to prevent contamination and ensure correct fluid management.
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Electrical System
Typical Services Provided
The electrical system manages several key functions:
- Primary Power Source: Alternator or generator provides electrical power.
- Components: Includes electric starter, lights, avionics, radios, and USB ports.
- Circuit Protection: Circuit breakers and fuses protect the system.
Common Malfunctions
- Alternator/Generator Failure: Battery becomes sole power source.
- Runaway Alternator: Produces excessive voltage, risking damage.
- Circuit Breaker Issues: Signal faults due to excessive current.
- Electrical Fires: Require immediate action due to hidden damage risks.
Pilot Rectification Actions
Immediate Action Items
- Reset alternator/generator if necessary; cycle alternator.
- Reset circuit breakers once if tripped.
Managing Specific Malfunctions
- Prioritize systems for alternator/generator outages.
- Turn off battery and alternator during fires, vent the cabin, and use a fire extinguisher.
Additional Considerations
- Utilize backup navigation tools; inform ATC of any failures.
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Ignition System
Typical Services Provided
Ignition systems are essential for engine operation:
- Magnetos: Provide electricity to spark plugs independently of the electrical system.
- Electronic Ignition Systems (EIS): Offer improved efficiency and reduced maintenance.
- FADEC: Fully automated system optimizing fuel and ignition timing.
- Dual Ignition Systems: Ensure redundancy and reliability.
Common Malfunctions
- Magneto Issues: Misfires due to faulty components.
- Spark Plug Issues: Fouling from deposits; incorrect gaps.
- Combustion Issues: Detonation and pre-ignition from high temperatures and lean mixtures.
Pilot Rectification Actions
- Inspect and maintain magnetos, spark plugs, and ensure correct combustion practices.
- Use appropriate fuel grades and maintain engine instruments to avoid overheating.
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Vacuum System
Typical Services Provided
Vacuum systems support:
- Gyroscopic Instruments: Including attitude indicator and heading indicator.
- Components: Use engine-driven pumps and relief valves.
Common Malfunctions
- Recognition: Low suction gauge readings; instrument anomalies.
- Causes: Blocked intakes, failed pumps, clogged filters.
Pilot Rectification Actions
Pre-Flight and In-Flight Checks
- Monitor vacuum gauge and inspect systems for integrity.
In-Flight Adjustments
- Cross-check instruments and inform ATC if necessary.
Maintenance Actions
- Regular filter replacement and pump inspection.
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Each of these systems is vital to the safe and efficient operation of piston engine aircraft. Understanding their functions, recognizing potential malfunctions, and knowing the appropriate pilot actions are crucial components of aeronautical knowledge for the CASA RPL theory exam.